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Trade and investment liberalisation in the post-1980 period allowed the penetration of transnational tobacco companies into the Turkish market. State control over the market was gradually removed and tobacco farming, manufacturing...
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Trade and investment liberalisation in the post-1980 period allowed the penetration of transnational tobacco companies into the Turkish market. State control over the market was gradually removed and tobacco farming, manufacturing, trade and consumption were reshaped in line with the needs of transnational tobacco companies. The resultant increase in product proliferation and aggressive marketing strategies led to a dramatic rise in cigarette consumption in the 1990s, making Turkey a market with one of the sharpest consumption increases in the world. While Turkey implemented demand-side tobacco control policies to reduce consumption after 1996, it continued to stimulate manufacturing and trade in a conflicting way. The Turkish case verifies that the liberalisation process facilitated by the state under the auspices of international institutions conflicts with tobacco control. Liberalisation paves the way for market expansions of transnational tobacco companies that resist tobacco control in their drive for profit. Current global tobacco control policies, with no interest in controlling manufacturing, have limited effect on consumption. The Turkish case indicates the necessity of establishing public control over tobacco manufacturing and trade from a public health perspective.
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Despite the presence of tobacco control policies, Louisiana continues to experience a high smoking burden and elevated smoking-attributable deaths. The SimSmoke model provides projections of these health outcomes in the face of ex...
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Despite the presence of tobacco control policies, Louisiana continues to experience a high smoking burden and elevated smoking-attributable deaths. The SimSmoke model provides projections of these health outcomes in the face of existing and expanded (simulated) tobacco control polices. The SimSmoke model utilizes population data, smoking rates, and various tobacco control policy measures from Louisiana to predict smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths. The model begins in 1993 and estimates are projected through 2054. The model is validated against existing Louisiana smoking prevalence data. The most powerful individual policy measure for reducing smoking prevalence is cigarette excise tax. However, a comprehensive cessation treatment policy is predicted to save the most lives. A combination of tobacco control policies provides the greatest reduction in smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths. The existing Louisiana excise tax ranks as one of the lowest in the country and the legislature is against further increases. Alternative policy measures aimed at lowering prevalence and attributable deaths are: cessation treatments, comprehensive smoke-free policies, and limiting youth access. These three policies have a substantial effect on smoking prevalence and attributable deaths and are likely to encounter more favor in the Louisiana legislature than increasing the state excise tax.
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Evidence is an important resource for policy makers. Alongside its practical utility, evidence is a persuasive strategic and rhetorical tool. This study scrutinises the information used by tobacco interests in opposition to Brazil...
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Evidence is an important resource for policy makers. Alongside its practical utility, evidence is a persuasive strategic and rhetorical tool. This study scrutinises the information used by tobacco interests in opposition to Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency's (ANVISA) 2012 regulations. We analysed one prominent document widely cited in the policy discourse, produced by Fundacao Getulio Vargas (FGV) in 2010 when ANVISA initiated public consultations. The FGV document formed the basis of opposition to the regulations. We conducted four levels of analysis of the FGV document: (1) identifying the main arguments, (2) linking the arguments with evidence, (3) analysing the quality of evidence and (4) a contextual analysis, examining how evidence was interpreted and represented. Three of five arguments were supported by information produced by an external source. Sixty eight percent of evidence sources were supported by the tobacco industry and only 31% were peer-reviewed. Information was often misrepresented in the arguments. Tobacco interests continue to draw from sources they claim are scientific to legitimise their opposition to tobacco regulation. The information from these sources are often misrepresented, used to distract from the health objectives of policy and receive direct or indirect support from the tobacco industry.
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Abstract Introduction and Aims Despite substantial reductions in smoking prevalence in many countries, rates remain high among people who are experiencing disadvantage. This study aimed to explore attitudinal and behavioural respo...
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Abstract Introduction and Aims Despite substantial reductions in smoking prevalence in many countries, rates remain high among people who are experiencing disadvantage. This study aimed to explore attitudinal and behavioural responses to population‐wide tobacco control policies among Australian smokers experiencing disadvantage. Design and Methods Semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 84 smokers attending community service organisations in the mental health, homelessness, and alcohol and other drug sectors. Interviewees discussed various tobacco control policies (tobacco taxes, smoke‐free areas, plain packaging and graphic health warnings). The interview transcriptions were coded and thematically analysed. Results Responses to tobacco taxes were mixed. Some interviewees reported smoking less as a result of price increases, while others reallocated funds from other budget areas. Many perceived smoke‐free area policies as effective, although some described strategies they use to circumvent this policy, thereby diminishing its effectiveness. Plain packaging and graphic warnings were perceived as being least effective. Discussion and Conclusions While tobacco control policies can elicit intended attitudinal and behavioural responses, additional efforts are needed to enhance their effectiveness among smokers experiencing disadvantage. Future efforts to reduce smoking rates should address responses that diminish policy effectiveness among groups exhibiting high smoking prevalence. This could be achieved through strategies that address the specific needs of these groups, such as providing additional cessation support, enforcing existing smoke‐free policies in ways that minimise inequitable effects, and addressing self‐exempting beliefs.
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In November 2018, US Food and Drug Administration announced its intent to prohibit menthol in combustible tobacco products, prohibit flavored cigars, and prohibit flavored e-cigarettes unless they are sold in age-restricted, in-pe...
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In November 2018, US Food and Drug Administration announced its intent to prohibit menthol in combustible tobacco products, prohibit flavored cigars, and prohibit flavored e-cigarettes unless they are sold in age-restricted, in-person locations. This study assessed adult attitudes toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. Data were from the 2016 Summer Styles survey of 4203 US adults aged 18 years. Respondents were asked whether they favored or opposed prohibiting flavors (e.g., menthol, spicy, sweet, or fruity flavor) in all tobacco products. Prevalence and correlates of favorability were assessed using weighted percentages and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) respectively. Assessed correlates were: sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, US Census region, marital status, children < 18 years living in the home, perceptions toward e-cigarette advertising, and current (past 30-day) tobacco product use. Overall, 47.3% of adults reported favorable attitudes toward prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products. By tobacco product use status, prevalence was 52.0%, 48.4%, and 34.8% among never, former, and current users, respectively (p < .05). Among current tobacco product users, favorability was more likely among adults who believed e-cigarette ads exposure makes youth think about smoking (aPR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.20-2.78) and those with any children aged < 18 years in their household (aPR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.05-1.82). To conclude, nearly half of adults favored prohibiting flavors in all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. Prohibiting flavors in tobacco products could benefit public health by reducing both individual-level and population-level harms, including tobacco use initiation especially among youth.
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Purpose: We assessed factors associated with tobacco vendor compliance with India's Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) provisions regulating tobacco sales and point-of-sale (POS) environments.
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British American Tobacco Cambodia (BATC) has dominated the country's tobacco market since its launch in 1996. Aggressive marketing in a weak regulatory environment and strategies to influence tobacco control policy have contribute...
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British American Tobacco Cambodia (BATC) has dominated the country's tobacco market since its launch in 1996. Aggressive marketing in a weak regulatory environment and strategies to influence tobacco control policy have contributed to an emerging tobacco-related public health crisis. Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents, issues of BATC's in-house newsletter, civil society reports and media demonstrate that BATC officials have successfully sought to align the company with Cambodia's increasingly controversial political and business leadership that is centred around the Cambodian People's Party with the aim of gaining access to policy-makers and influencing the policy process. Connections to the political elite have resulted in official recognition of the company's ostensible contribution to Cambodia's economic and social development and, more significantly, provided BATC with opportunities to petition policy-makers and to dilute tobacco control regulation. Corporate promotion of its contribution to Cambodia's economic and social development is at odds with its determined efforts to thwart public health regulation and Cambodia's compliance with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
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Multiple factors, including marijuana decriminalization/legalization, tobacco endgame discourse, and alcohol industry pressures, suggest that the retail regulatory environment for psychoactive or addictive substances is a dynamic ...
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Multiple factors, including marijuana decriminalization/legalization, tobacco endgame discourse, and alcohol industry pressures, suggest that the retail regulatory environment for psychoactive or addictive substances is a dynamic one in which new options may be considered. In most countries, the regulation of tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol is neither coherent, nor integrated, nor proportional to the potential harms caused by these substances. We review the possible consequences of restricting tobacco sales to outlets run by government-operated alcohol retail monopolies, as well as the likely obstacles to such a policy. Such a move would allow governments more options for regulating tobacco sales, and increase coherence, integration, and proportionality of substance regulation. It might also serve as an incremental step toward an endgame goal of eliminating sales of commercial combustible tobacco.
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Introduction Europe's Beating Cancer Plan aims to create a "Tobacco-Free Generation" by 2040. To generate meaningful public health policy to achieve this target, we must understand more clearly the determinants of youth smoking in...
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Introduction Europe's Beating Cancer Plan aims to create a "Tobacco-Free Generation" by 2040. To generate meaningful public health policy to achieve this target, we must understand more clearly the determinants of youth smoking initiation. Aims and Methods We examine the determinants of cigarette-smoking initiation in Poland using survival analysis techniques and data from four youth smoking surveys: the 2003, 2009, and 2016 Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (GYTS) and the 2019 PolNicoYouth survey (number of person-period observations N = 164 807). Split-population duration models are employed. The hazard of smoking initiation is modeled as a function of cigarette prices, nonprice tobacco-control measures, and socioeconomic variables. Results Our study finds a negative and significant relationship between cigarette prices and the hazard of smoking initiation in all models (hazard ratio from 0.86 to 0.91). Lower hazards of smoking initiation were also associated with a comprehensive advertising ban (hazard ratio from 0.69 to 0.70) and with the introduction of pictorial warnings (hazard ratio from 0.65 to 0.68). Conclusions This study concludes that cigarette price increases, such as from higher cigarette excise taxes, could further significantly reduce cigarette youth smoking initiation in Poland. Removing promotional and advertising elements from cigarette packs and making the health warning more noticeable through plain packaging laws would further accelerate the reduction in smoking initiation. Implications The European Union is currently formally reconsidering the Tobacco Tax Directive. This makes this analysis of the impact of cigarette prices on youth smoking initiation both timely and germane. As ever more countries implement standardized cigarette packaging, findings here provide support for this measure that removes advertising elements from the packs and makes the health warning more noticeable.
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Over the past 30?years, Israel has made great progress in attitudes and practices about smoking; probably nothing else has contributed more to the health of its population. Yet, a recent survey about a non-smoking ban at an Israel...
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Over the past 30?years, Israel has made great progress in attitudes and practices about smoking; probably nothing else has contributed more to the health of its population. Yet, a recent survey about a non-smoking ban at an Israeli health sciences campus found incomplete enforcement. In addition, smoking rates among health sciences students, though lower than the general population, were higher than might be expected based on rates in other developed countries. Whether the ban is—as the authors speculate—“an intrusive life style intervention” or a justifiable public health intervention, cuts to the heart of the history of tobacco control efforts and their opposition by the tobacco industry. Despite concerns that the Israeli population is not ready to accept smoke-free bans, experience in other countries suggests otherwise.
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